As frontier territory, Penang generated many self-help groups in the early days. The Chinese were most keen on forming their own associations, organised according to a string of principles. These fulfilled many functions, but current challenges require them to adapt more than ever.After the establishment of Penang by the British in the late 18th century, a steady flow of Chinese traders and workers came to settle on the island. As a rule, they had no outside support and received no...
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is Fellow and Head of Penang Institute’s History and Heritage Programme. He hails from Malim Nawar and has profound research interest in the history of Penang.