Of all the natural disasters in Malaysia, floods are the most frequent, accounting for approximately 63% of all disasters and bringing the highest damage annually (Figure 1). It is the main cause of damages to coastal regions, especially in low-lying areas.Penang is identified as one of the flood-prone areas in Malaysia.1 Since 2014, the north-east district has seen more flood incidences compared to the other districts in Penang (Figure 2).On average, an annual rainfall of 2,633mm was recorded for Penang...
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is a senior analyst at Penang Institute. She holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Economics. Her research interests include agri-environmental economics, climate change, green economics, poverty and income inequality, and policy analysis.